Urea: Modern concepts about metabolism and physiological role in the human body

Abstract

An analysis of the literature shows that urea is not just an end product of metabolism but also an active regulator of physiological processes. If, in high concentrations, it is toxic to the body, then in small concentrations, it performs a bioregulatory function. In addition to ammonia detoxification and urine concentration, urea regulates blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, reproductive function, and apoptosis; it has antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Indirectly, RAS can influence the processes of inflammation and fibrosis in the kidneys, blood vessels, and heart. However, additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of its action.