The case of Toruń, Poland

Abstract

The urban soil cover pattern is unique for every city and it largely depends on a few factors, i.e. the length of a settlement, population density, types of technogenic activities (like industry or transportation), natural and human-induced disasters (e.g. war destruction).The anthropogenic and technogenic transformations of soils of Toruń (founded in 1233, midsized city located in Northern Poland) displayed typical and repeatable long-term and short-term soil characteristics and genesis for classification. Investigations in Toruń provided the scientific validation of additions and modifications of qualifiers in the Technosols and other RSG’s of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) classification system.