Dane archeozoologiczne z miejscowości Bocień (stanowisko 5) do poznania gospodarki ludności kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej na ziemi chełmińskiej

Abstract

During rescue excavations curried out in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie section of A1 motorway in Chełmża commune, animal bone remains were found in Bocień, site 5. The only homogenous and simultaneously the most numerous assemblage (1115 NISP) were bones collected in features of the linear band pottery culture (LBPC) – phase II and III. They were registered within the range of an space-function areas I, II and S of the settlement (fig. 1, appendix 1). The material presented significant predomination of domestic mammals, mainly cattle, clearly smaller bones of pig, sheep/goat and dog. Wild mammals are represented by red deer, elk, roe deer and aurochs. Reptile remains belonged to European pond turtle. Teeth and head bones were the most numerous cattle elements’ specimens. Some of cattle, pig, sheep/goat and dog bones bore traces of shallow and narrow pits after using blades (knives) of stone (fl int). The others registered black coloring, which was the result of meat or bone marrow roasting. The collection also consisted of examples with work traces (fragments of red deer and elk antlers) and bone tools (chisel – made of metatarsal) and plates’ fragments. The excavated fauna collection became the grounds for interpretation, referring to the following questions: a) genesis of the studied fauna finds, b) significance of domestic species in manufacturing raw material of animal origin, c) strategies implemented in manufacturing raw material of animal origin, d) some features of natural environment of the settlement surrounding and e) Neolithic morphotypes of Chełmno Land animals. Population inhabiting the settlement produced food of animal origin by breeding. Utilization of natural fauna resources, e.g. aurochs, deer, roe-deer and wild horses (probably tarpan) was clearly smaller. Animal economy was based on cattle, which belonged to aurochs like form (Bos primigenius), analogous to cattle sizes from Kuyavia and settlements of linear band pottery culture populations inhabiting the areas of present Germany. Meat and bone marrow obtained of it was prepared for consumption by roasting it in fire. Cow milk was not important food product, because at least half of herds’ populations was slaughtered at juvenis and subadultus ages. Keeping ruminants, species suitable for grazing, resulted from open grassy spaces existence. However, the settlement was also surrounded by forests, what is confirmed by red deer and aurochs presence in the material. A part of the land was soppy, grown with temporate broadleaved forests, perfect for elks existence. The performed exploration and analyses deliver evidence, that local population inhabiting the settlement related in their economic strategy to cultural rules obligatory in wider space, e.g. in Kuyavia. Zooarchaeological sources from Bocień, as first in Chełmno Land delivered the grounds for analyses of cattle individual age and its morphological forms. Moreover, thanks to anatomical composition analysis we were able to indicate the settlement spatial zones, basing on observations made by the means of archaeological data.

W artykule zawarto dane archeozoologiczne uzyskane podczas badań pokonsumpcyjnych zbiorów faunistycznych, odkrytych w obiektach osady ludności kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej (fazy II i III). Ich szczegółowa analiza biologiczna oraz archeologiczna (kontekstowa) stała sie podstawą do rozważań na temat genezy zbadanego zbioru faunistycznego, znaczenia gatunków domowych i strategii gospodarczych w wytwarzaniu surowców pochodzenia zwierzęcego, niektórych cech środowiska przyrodniczego otoczenia osady oraz morfotypów zwierząt neolitycznych ziemi chełmińskiej.